Copying or enlarging camera



J. BECKER.

COPYING 0R ENLARGNG CAMERA.

APPHCATION FILED APR.2I, 1919.

Patented J 11116 15, 1920.

2 SHEETSSHEET 1.

Inventor J. BECKER.

COPYING OR ENLARGING CAMERA.

v APPLKCATION FILED APR.21,1919.

Patented June 15, 1920.

2 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

S I P! Inventor Mness :Ae, now Patent xpatented Case Au I UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

JOSEPH BECKER, .OF WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, ASSIGNOR TO EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, OF ROCHESTER, NEW YORK, A CORPORATION OF NEW YORK.

COPYING on ENDARGING CAMERA.

Original application filed December 11, 1915, Serial No. 66,371.: Divided and thisvapplication filed Apr-11 21, 1919. Serial No. 291,472.

To all whomit may concern:

Be it known. that I, JosEPH BECKER, 'a' citizen of the United States, residing at Washington, in the District of Columbia, have invented a certain new and useful- Improvement in Copying or Enlarging Cameras, of which the following is a specification.

My present application for patent, identior convenience of reference in my re-' fied f lated. applications or patents as Case Bf, is Division Two of my rior application, Case 0. 1,301,897, granted APR-29, 1919.

The present application and my herein specifically referred to applications -orpah ents, may be listed in their letter name, or filing date order, as follows: Case A, filed August 11, 1900, now Patent No. 1,178,474,

issued April 4, 1916; Case K, now Patent No. 1,103,342, issued July 14, 1914; Case 0, now Patent No. 1,103,343, issued July 14, 1914; Case T, now Patent'No. 1,142,295, issued June 8, 1915; Case U, now Patent No. 1,190,214, issued July 4, 1916; Case X,

.Serial No. 727,548, filed October 24, 1912,

now merged in Case Bd; Case Y, filed November 20, 1912, now merged in my lately whose Figures 1 to 7 are copied from the referred to parent application, Case Ae,

Serial No, 66,371, filed .December 11, 1915;-

Case Ai, or DlVlSlOIl'TWO of Serial No. 88,619, filed A ril 3, 1916, now merged in Be; Case At, erial No. 143,085, filed January 18, 1917 Case Au or continuation of Y; now Patent No. 1,280,638, issued October 8, 1918; Case Bo continuing Ai or Division Two of A, Serial No. 255,491, filed September 24, 1918; Case Bd, merging Case X,

. Serial No. 258,467, filed October 16,1918;

Case Be, or Division One of myCase Ae, Serial No. 290,486 filed April 16, 1919; and my present Case Bf, or Division Two of Ae, Serial No. 291,472, filed April 21, 1919.

My present invention relates to copying or enlarging cameras, and it consists in the separately patentable obtuse angle radial cam type of wholl mechanical focuser which is disclosed in igs. 1 to 10 of my said Case Ae, and which' 'may always be reguthe lens frame,

Case Y figures;-my above here equals 1.20

The bed 510 of this form has a slidewagi. andi lated and adjusted to operate'in strict'accordance with Newtons' formula, to wit:'

mar Pe al-.- 1

or with the better" known mathematical equivalent lens for'mula In the accompanying drawingsz Fig. 1, is a vertical axial section of a copy- 4 ing or enlarging camera fully adjusted and regulated for coiiperation' with a wholly mesay, it is twenty per cent. larger than'the right angle or quadrant.

Fig. 2v shows how the dimension 'm of the left carriage Fig. l, isautomatically made equal to the unknown dimension w of by focusing on right hand infinity. I

" Fig. 3 shows how the dimension m of the right hand carriage of'Fig. 1, is automatically made equal to the unknown dimension are .of the lens frame, by focusing on left hand. infinity.

Fig. 4 is a diagram of all the fundamental linear and angular elements in Fig. 1.

The camera of Figs. 1 to 4 has a basic angle delta (A) of 108 degrees of six-fifthsof a right angle. That is to say, delta (A) Q, as indicated in Fig. 1.

511 for. two carriages 512 and 512'; the'carriage 512 is formed a longitudinal slideway 505 for-a slide block 506, which directly supports the object frame 0 and which has a set-screw 507 for fixing the object frame 0'? in any desired longitudinal adjustment on the said carriage 512. The

image frame I is similarly fixed,\in any desired longitudinal adjustment on carriage 512, by means of set-screw 507' threaded in the slide block 506.- of slideway 505'. The

lens frame L carrying the lens 509 is rigidly fixed to bed 510 by screws 503, and it is recessed below to provide the free sliding room that is needed to permit of.bringing car riage 512' into its zero position, the posi- 60 interfocal distance FF.

tion seen in Fig. 3 and fully described ,later on. v

To the under side of carriage 512 is fastened by screws, such as 513, 513, a- 5 bracket 514 having an inclined groove 515 to provide adjustment for clamping the object frame pintle 519 where desired on said bracket 514. To the under side of carriage 512 is similarly fastened by screws 513, 513 a bracket 514 having an oppositely inclined groove 515 to provide adjustment for clamping the image frame pintle 519 where desired on the said bracket 514. The axes of said pintles 519,

519 are, respectively, represented by dots V and V.

A horizontal cylindrical pin 520 is mounted in a cylindrical hole 521, Fig. 4, of the same diameter, carefully bored and reamed perpendicularly through bed 510 in any preferred position. The stationary axis of this hole is represented by a dot D. The pin 520 is thus mounted in order that it may easily be either inserted, or wholly withdrawn after insertion, by simply sliding it as a bolt len thwise along in its bearing.

n pin 520 or axis D is pivoted the 108 degree focusing sector comprising arms 516, 516 slotted radially at 517, 517, respectively, and rigidly connected by the stiffening are 51.8. Cam slot 517 engages pintle 519 or axis V, While cam slot 517 engages pintle 519 or axis V.

The upper end of groove 515, in bracket 514, and the upper end of slot 515, in

bracket 514, are enlarged at the same level as axis D to form reamed bores 522 and'522, Fig. 1, of the same diameter as pin 520 for temporarily admitting such pin during the 40-process of adjustment, as fully explained later on in connection with Figs. 2 and 3. The axes of these two bores are represented by dots A and A respectively.

When pin 520 is inserted in its bearing 521, Fig. 4, the axis of the pin coincides with the axis D of the bearing and it is held in fixed relation to the principal focal planes F and F of the lens at distances :2: and m from such planes. To illustrate this relation as clearly as possible the said horizontal distances at and w are represented in the drawing as being imaginary horizontal bars m and a2, respectively, connecting the principal focal planes F and F of the lens 509 with the vertical plane through axis D. The

is general for any desirable position of D.

The distance of axis A from the object plane P maybe considered as determined by an imaginary horizontal bar m connect ing the object plane 1 with the vertical plane through A; such distance being adjustable in length by the above described displacement of block 506 on carriage 512 to permit of satisfying the following equation:

In accordance with the rule followed in Figs. 12 to 15 of my (Jase T, bars a: and a2, being non-adjustable, are shown black to distinguish then: from bars m and m, which? are left White to indicate that they are adjustable.

As with ig. 12 thereof, the mere act of making m equal to as is sufficient to insure that the distance AD shall be and shall always remain e ual to the variable left Newtonian space F of the lens; similarly, the mere act of making m equal to a? insures that the variable distance DA shall be and shall always remain equal to the variable right hand Newtonian space F'l of the lens; that is to say, when equations 3 and 4 are satisfied we always have for all, either in or out of focus, positions of the end frames AD PF (5) and DAzFP (6) whence 7 To secure correct focus, however, we must further satisfy Newtons formula, or equat1on 1 above, and we must, therefore, make ADDA'zj- 7 In equation 1 the spaces PF and Fl" are the Newtonian or'constant product space elements of the lens; while in equation 7 the spaces AD and DA are the corresponding Newtonian or constant product space elements of the mechanism.

Fig. 4, which is a diagram of parts as seen in Fig. 1, shows the co-varying basic and always similar triangles VAD and DAV with the angles marked as in Fig. 5 of my said Case Y (incorrectly referred to in my said Case Ae as Fig. 4).

The sector angle delta (A) may have any desired value, but it must be equal to the roved in my Case T in connection v remain equal to each other; the same is therefore,

bracket angles alpha (or) and alpha prime (a') and we must, therefore, have q Aza' r- -(8) Angles omega (0)) andomega prime ((9') vary with every angular displacement of the focusing sector 518, but they vary so as 1to a so true of angles hi (Q vand phiprime (e)? In the triang es D A and DAV the two distances AV and A V, once adjusted for a given'lens, remain invariable, butthe four remaining distances DA, DV, DA, DV', shown dotted in Fig; 4,-vary with every angular displacement of the focusing sector 518, and the variations are such that the triangles DVA and DAV remain while chan ing in shape, as proved in my said Case so that we always have I AV. DA

AD"'AV whence AV.A'V=AD.DA' A (9) and this, in view of equation 7, yields AV.A'V:f (10) The distances AV and AV, which remain invariable after adjustment, may, be set and adjusted to any values AV and AV such that the product of AV and AV shall be equal to 7. Adjustment and regulation of the Fig. 1

- camera.

The lens 509, which may be any lens whosedimensions are within the extremes imposed by the unavoidable structural limits of a justment, isfirst rigidly mounted in any preferred position on the lens frame L and then the focusing mechanism is adjusted and regulated, to cooperate therewith, by means of 3 separate adjustments as follows:

Adjustment N 0. 1, determining m.The imaginary bar m, which is variable in length byadjusting frame 0 longitudinally along on carriage 512, must, according to equation 3, be made equal to 00. This is done by focusing on right infinity inthe special manner indicated in Fig. 2. The bolt 520 or D, Fig. 2, was first withdrawn sufficiently to permit of sliding carriage 512 up into the position seen in Fig. 2, where terminal A of the carriage fallsin with terminal D of the lens and the bolt 520 or D was then pushed into bore 522 of bracket 51a to positively hold and lock the carriage 512 to bed 510 in the position illustrated. This position of carriage 512, the position seen in Fig. 2, may be called its zero position because it is the position in which the left Newtonian space AD of the mechanism is at Zero value. v

lVhile carriage 512 is thus held in its similar This focusing on right infinity is done on,

screen 501 directly through the image frame F of the lens is also reduced P, from which the screen 501' 'has temporarily been removed for the purpose, so that the image frame I is, during such focusing operation, virtually absent as it should be, for its logical position during such operation is at right infinity,

'Bar m is now and must henceforth remain equal to bar w, or in the case illus-- trated e ual to 17 centimeters, so that bolt 520 or may again be sufficiently withdrawn to free the now fully adjusted carriage 512, whichis .slid back, to the left,

to prepare for adjustment number two.

Adjustment N 0. 2,- dete'rmining m'.--The imaginary bar m, which is variable in length by adjusting frame I longitudinally along on carriage 512','must, according to equation 4., .be made equal to w. This is done by focusing on left infinity in the special manner indicated in Fig. 3. The

bolt 520 or D, Fig. 3, after completion .of adjustment No. 1, was sufiiciently withdrawn to free carriage 512 and it was,

therefore, sufliciently withdrawn to permit of sliding carriage 512 up into the position seen in Fig. 3, where terminal A of carriage 512 falls in, with terminal D of the lens. The belt 520 or D was then pushed into bore 522 of bracket 514' to positively hold and lock carriage 512' to bed 510 -in the positiolrillustrated. This position of carriage 512, the position seen in Fig. 3, may be calledits zero position because it is the position in which the ri ht hand Newtonian space DA of the mice anism is at zero value.

WVhile carriage 512 is thus held in its zero position the corresponding right hand Newtonian spaceF'P of the lens is also reduced to zero value, and this is done by loosening screw 507, settin plane P in focus on left infinity, to ma e P coincide with F, and then retightening screw 507 l This focusing on left infinity is done on screen 501 directly through the object frame 0 from which the screen 501 has tern orarily been removed for the purpose, so t at the object frame 0 is, during such focusing operation, virtually absent, as it should be, for itslogical position during such operation is at left infinity.-

Bar m is now, and must henceforth remain, equal to bar '00, or in the case illustrated equal to 37 centimeters,. so that bolt 520 or D may again be suniciently withdrawn to free the now fully adjusted carto 1glrepare for adjustment riage 512, which is slid back, to the right,

number three.

y case Aeexplains that adjustment l\o. 2 may, and in some forms must, precede adjustment N o. 1, hence it will be better hereinafter to distinguish these first two adjustments as the m equal an adjustment and the m equal :0 adjustment.

Adjustment N0. 3, determz'mln AV AV.Space AV and space AW may, as stated above, have any values such that their product AV. XV shall, in accordance with equation 10, e ual f or the s uare of the focal length F of the particu ar lens 509 that is used. Either one of the two factors, AV or AV, considered as the first may, therefore, have its length fixed arbitrarily at any desired value, but the length of the second factor must, in order to satisfy equation 10, be determined by adjustment, preferably as follows:

Aften the object frame 0 frames 1 have .both been their respective carriages 512, 512 by focusing on infinity in the order described above, or in reverse order, they are set and temporarily clamped in focus on each other, say with their carriages in the relative position shown in Fig. 1, where-the cop factor n is made and and the image exactly equal to 1.5, for clearness only, as no attention is paid to its exact value. One of the two pintles, V or V, is then fixed at any preferred point of its respective groove 515 or 515. Let 519 or V be such pintle and let the selected distance AV be 32 centimeters, as shown in Fig. 1. The sector 516, 516 is now mounted on its pivot 520 or D and in properengagement with such previously fixed pintle 519 or V, as seen in Fig. 1, andthe other end frame pintle, here 519 'or V, will then have to be inserted where its inclined groove 515 is met by the radial slot 517, or at 18 centimeters from A The clamps used to hold frames 0 and I temporarily in focused relation on each other are now removed, and the device is ready for use.

After completion of the adjustments 1, 2, and 3 just described, planes P and P are obliged to move together and at such rates as to remain sharply focused on each other.

If, therefore, a negative be mounted in the object frame 0 and the frames be moved, the image of such negarive will appear on screen 501 changing in size, but remaining sharply focused and distinct, except in so far as dis tinctness is unavoidably affected by expan sion or contraction of the image.

Pintles V, V when set at shown in Fig. 1 move in ofi'set horizontal planes with V in the lower plane; but if the carriages 512, 512 be temporarily clamped in any finite focal relation, that of Fig. 1, and the pintles V, V

for instance, both be loosened, any

positioned on ying other desired cooperative pair of values may be given to the vectors AV and AV to make move in the same horizontal plane as or even in a higher plane, by simply rotating the sector: 518 so as to shift the pintles V and V 'along in their respective grooves 515 and" 515 from the positions shown in Fig. 1 into any other desired pair of conjugate positions in which they can be reclamped to their respective brackets to operate as before. This is because in every possible angular position of the sector 518 the radial sector slots 517, 517 respectively meet grooves 515, 515 so as to determine distances AV and AV whose product AV.AV, as in equation 9', is equal to ADDA, and, as long as the latter product AD.'DA is kept invariable by the temporary clamps, the former product AV.AV must remain constant.

Structural condition? in F J. The" strictly necessary structural conditions, which are all satisfied in a a:A::a' (1l) a :w (12 m:m' (13) AV.A'V= (14) These four'equations are substantially identical with equations 1, 2, 3, and 4 of my said Case Y.

In lates exclusively to the angles best seen in Fig. 4, is satisfied by constructing the brackets 514, 514 so that their respective grooves 515, 515 shall have the proper inclinations determined by the sector angle delta (A). Equations 12, 13, and 14 are severally satisfied by the three focusing adjustments described above.

The numerical values, which may directly be verified in the drawings, are collected in the annexed table, Table A, which contains a complete list of all fundamental or rigid dimensions which remain invariable after completion of the three adjustments.

present Fig. 1, equationll, which perfectly adjusted device such as that of Fig. 1, are

The values of the co-variables of Fig. 1,

. which vary with every change made in the copying factor, have also been adhered toin many of the other Case Ae figures and they are, therefore, collected in the annexed Table B:

Table B of (re-variables in Fig. 1 (also in Fig. 4 and in v the Case Ae Figs. 5, 6, 9, 10 11, 14, 20, and21.)

Left hand Newtonian space. .PF==AD=16 cm Right hand Newtonian space.. F'P'-DA'-=36 cm Copying factor n- F It is evident that the camera of Fig. 1,'for

' instance, maybe used: first, to produce a copy PW of an original P'WV at the right; secondly, to produce acopy PIV of. an original PW at the left. In the first case the copying factor is the ratio of PW to PW, and in the second it is the inverse ratio of PW' to PWV. This last ratio, PW/PW, in which the light proceeds from left to right, is the 7 one given in the above Table B, and it is the one that is adhered to throughout my Case Ae specification, simply to avoid the confusion that would result from the use of two reciprocal values of the copying factor for the same given position of the end planes P and P; and not with any idea of fixing the direction in which thecopy is to be made. In accordance with the same convention, the left end frame is invariably referred to as the object frame, even in combinations where it would normally be used as light receiving or image frame.

The two radial cams, illustrated in connection with arms 516, 516', turn in a constant angular relation, maintained, for example, by stiffening are 518. Broadly speaking, this angular relation is equal to the sum of two smaller angles,the first of which is the basic angle delta (A) of the focuser, as hereinabove explained, while the second of .said

angles is equal to the angle between the paths of movement described by pintles V and V or, differently expressed, the angle between the paths of movementof the object plane support and image plane support. Of course, in the simple case, shown in Fig. 1,

the second of these angles is equal to zero,

. the pintles moving in parallel paths.

NOTE 1.W'here the basic angle delta (A) is made larger than in the igrcsent Fig. 1, as large say, as in my Case Ae igs. 5 and 6, the

focuser is locked, by friction, in nearly every position of the mechanism; but, it may be rendered fully operative either by the slight alteration which converts it in a single sight foeuser of the type shown in my said Case Ae Fig. 10; or by the less simple, but still conveniently made, alteration which ters Patent is: c 1. A copying or enlarging camera having a wholly mechanical focuser which is of the the type seen in my said Case Ac Fig. 11, and in my said Case Be Fi 1.

NOTE 2.One of the cuser terminals, either V or V, may be permanently fixed on its respective carriage, as shown in my Case Ae Fig. 7, for terminal V.

No'rn 3.--One ofthe may be made imaginary, as shown in my Case Ae Fig. 8, for terminal A.

converts it into a single sight focuser of NOTE 4.-Terminals A and A ma both.

be made imaginary, as shown in my ase Ae Fi 10; also in Fig. 1 of my said (JaseBe.

o'rn' 5.- -The general 3-point method of adjustment, with all three adjusting n-values finite, as disclosed in my said Case Au, Fig.

- 7, page 7, line 14:, to page 8, line 48, and there stated (page 8,-lines 9 to 20) to be applicable to my said Cases K, O, T, U,.Y, Ab, Ae, At, I

and also X, is e uallgapplicable to all forms of the present ase f.

No'rn 6.In view of Fig. 2, it is plain that terminal'A is the zero position of pivot D with. relation to the object frame and I similarly, in view of Fig. 3, it is plain that I I terminal A is the zero position of pivot D with relation to the image frame I.

What I claim and desire to secure radial cam type, and whose basic angle,

herein designated by delta (A), is largerthan' a right angle.

2. The combination with a copying or enlarging camera comprising (1) an object plane support, (2) a lens support, and(3) an image receiving plane support; also guide-' ways to permit of setting said 3 upports/Lin by Letone of which is the basic angle of the focusing mechanism and the other of which is equal to the angle between the paths of movement of said object plane support and said image plane support. I

In testimony whereof, I have signed my name to this specification in the presence of Mrs. Mary E. Cowell.

JOSEPH BECKER. Witness:

MARY E. CowELL.

. 70 terminals A or A 

